HT and T2D. A variety of patient characteristics are known to be risk factors for the development of CKD, including hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus1. Gout and osteoarthritis are not risk factors for CKD; however, age can be a risk factor for CKD in people >65 years2
Slowing/arresting CKD progression, evaluating and managing comorbid conditions, and providing therapies based on diagnosis are essential goals for the early diagnosis and management of CKD3
Targets should be individualised to the patient. According to the KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in CKD, blood pressure targets and agents should be individualised to the patient4
Two. It is recommended to monitor long-term glycaemic control by HbA1c twice per year, although HbA1c can be measured as often as four times per year if the glycaemic target is not met or following a change in therapy5
<6.5% – <8.0%. In diabetic patients with CKD, who are not treated with dialysis, an individualised HbA1c target range of <6.5% – <8.0% is recommended depending on patient factors5